freedol Nora’s Struggle For Freedom in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Noras Struggle For Freedom in A Dolls supportIn many cultures, a woman is expected to assume the role of the submissive, attentive wife. Often, a womans role is limited by society to that of wife and mother. Henrik Ibsen, in his play A Dolls hall examines the consequences of the stereotypical roles of women in marriage. Isben allows the reader to follow Nora, the main character, along her difficult journey to regain her self-esteem and self worth(Durbach 153). From the very low gear lines of the play, we get wind the status quo between Torvald and Nora. Torvald is the stereotypically strong, dignified husband while Nora is little skylark twittering (Isben 148). Torvalds continual reference to Nora using bird names parallels Noras image of herself. For example, in the first act, Torvald continually refers to Nora as his little featherbrain, his little forgetful person, his squirrel sulking, and most importantly his song bird. These images of weak birds characterize Nora as a weak person. The simple twittering, little birds we draw every day are very susceptible to cold weather and to dying and so is Nora. The image of a little featherbrain and a little scatterbrain indicate stupidity. Nora cant think for herself because her thoughts are scattered and unorganized. In contrast, we are led to believe that Torvald is the loving and accommodating husband. He treats Nora like a child. She, not keen any better at this stage, acts accordingly. For example, as a child forbidden by its mother from eating candy before dinner, Nora hides her forbidden macaroons from Torvald. Acting as a parent, Torvald suspects her hiding macaroons from him. He repeatedly asks her if she is sure she didnt eat any macaroons. Nor... ...ous struggle to break unaffectionate of her caged prison. In the beginning of the play, she is first weak and child-like. She past gains some strength to stand up to Mrs. Lind, even going as far as helping her, and to push off Krogstad. She finally, a fter realizing Torvalds true character, breaks free of her cage and does what birds do best Fly(Templeton 1636). Works Cited and Consulted Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. Goodman, Lizbeth In James McFarlane (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen. Cambridge University Press. 1994 Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York Bedford/St. Martins Press, 1999. Templeton, Joan. Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36.

Buddhism and the Matrix Essay -- essays research papers

The One     In the film The Matrix Keanu Reeves plays Thomas A. Anderson, who is a human being living a double life. One part of his life consists of working for a highly respectable software company. The second part of his life he is a hacker under the alias "Neo." One day Neo is approached by Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) and is taught that everything he thought was real was actually The Matrix, a computer course of instruction developed by machines in order to use human beings as batteries. Morpheus has been searching his whole life for the one to end the war between the gentleman and machines. Morpheus feels Neo is the chosen one, the one who will set everyone free from the Matrix. Neo is reluctant to accept this responsibility, but through various mission and encounters he realizes that he is capable of this feat and allows himself to embody what is to be considered the one.     Within the storyline of The Matrix there are many signs of Buddhism. The first of which is the idea of Samsara. Samsara is the process of death and rebirth, characterized by suffering, in which all beings are caught (Strong, 370). Suffering is a result of unawareness and yearning, which keeps humans locked in an illusion until they are able to recognize that their reality is unreasonable and they are able to renounce this false sense of self. This is related to the matrix because Morpheus explains it to be merely a mental projection of your digital self, and ...

Incest in Greek Mythology Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Incest in Greek Mythology Incest in Greek mythology was a common occurrence. Part of the agreement is that the gods themselves set the example, and since everything that happened in society was the result of the passion of the gods, this, of course, gave the characters in the Greek run remotes the opportunity to also lust after their children and relatives. While the story of Oedipus the King is the delineating play on the subject, Greek mythology is full of incestuous relationships. The gods who inspired the love and hate relationships among families include Hermes, who used his magical use of language to lure the feelings of his brother Apollo away from jealousy to love. Hermes reward was divination, and he became the god who protected travelers, symbolized by the crossroads-or the choices made. Sarah Harrell states that Hermes crossroads includes the crossroads to sexuality, typified by the love the brothers developed for one another. Although this love is most ofttimes viewe d as familial and positive, Harrell invokes the retelling of Homers Hymn to Hermes in which the threats of domination can be viewed in terms of sexual innuendo (Harrell 309). In fact, Harrell compares the actions of Apollo and Hermes to those of Zeus and his brother Poseidon, the rulers-and progenitors-of the Earth. Therefore, these fond ties, based on the loving relationships between brothers, begin with Zeus and Poseidon, thus extending the same type of familiarity to all brothers of the world. As further proof of incest and Zeuss contribution to the stick out in Greek mythology is the story of Chiron, who was born of a union between Zeus and Ixion, the son of Ares (Sharman-Burke and Greene 33). Ares was the son of Zeus and Hera ... ... Penguin Books, 1975). Euripides. Three Great Plays of Euripides. Trans. By Rex Warner. (New York NY teach Book, The New American Library, 1958). Green, Janet M.. Sophocles Oedipus Rex. The Explicator, vol. 52 no. 1. (1993) Fall, p. 2-3. Harrel l, Sarah E. Apollos Fraternal Threats Language of succession and domination in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 32 no. 4. (1991) Winter, pp. 307(23). Luyster, Robert. Dionysos The masks of madness. Parabola, vol. 20 no. 4. (1995) Winter, pp. 43(6). Plato. Great Dialogues of Plato. Ed. by John Clive Graves Rouse. (New York NY The New American Library, Inc., 1956). Sharman-Burke, Juliet, and Greene, Liz. The Mythic. (New York NY Fireside Books, 1986). Watney, Simon. Aphrodite of the Future. Artforum, vol. 32 no. 8. (1994) April, pp. 75(3).

Essay --

Introduction Cancer is a wide-ranging group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth that more than 200 unlike types have been identified. In this disease, the cells divide and grow intensity, seduceing malignant tumors, and invading nearby parts of the body(1).Cancer has been in the whole of human history. The oldest written record dates hindquarters to about 1600 years BC in Egypt described breast cancer(2). The cause of cancer is complex and partly unknown. Although only 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited gene defects, tobacco, poor diet, certain infections, treated with radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity and pollution can directly damage genes and ultimately lead to carcinogenic mutations (3).Rendering to new-made statistics, cancer is responsible for 23% of all deaths in USA and is the second most common cause of death after heart disease (4). It is evaluate that by 2020 the world population reaches 7.5 billion that 15 million new cases diagnosed and 12 million patients will lose their lives (5). Based on figures provided in 2013 by the American Cancer Society, the most common cancer in women is breast cancer (29%) and in men is prostate cancer (28%) (6).Surgery as a primary method in treatment of solid cancers involved in pain relief and patients survival. In surgery the tumor was completely removed along with the lymph nodes in the area. This method is the only way to eliminate some cases of cancer (7). Other intrusive processes that commonly used are radiation and chemotherapy with the aim of cleanup position the cancerous cells. Because they grow and divide faster than healthy cells so they are sensitive to chemotherapeutic and radiation agents(8).Regarding that the efficiency of a method directly depends on its ab... ...sed to form silica xerogels loaded with drugs, so a changing production conditions(as the ratio of reagents, temperature and concentration of catalyst may alter the properties of xerogels(14).In comparison, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) form into homogenous structure with higher surface area that is favorable for adsorption of therapeutic drugs(41). MSN particles possess the ability to load large and small molecules, adsorption of deoxyribonucleic acid and gene transfering(14). A variety of drugs including antibiotics(42), anticancer drugs(41) and heart disease drugs(43) are loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles by chemichal or physical adsorption mechanism(41).Through the crap of various research groups, it has been shown that silica particles are biocompatible and have a great potential for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, but recent analyze

Goldings View of Man and War Exposed in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

Goldings View of Man and War Exposed in Lord of the move     ...Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart (Golding 223).  An authors view of military personnel behavior is often reflected in their writing. The novel, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding is an example of a literary work that demonstrates the authors view of man, as well his opinion of war.   Goldings Lord of the Flies is highly demonstrative of Goldings opinion that society is a thin and fragile veil that when removed shows man for what he truly is, a savage animal. possibly the best demonstration of this given by Golding is Jacks progression to the cleanup spot of the sow. Upon first landing on the island Jack, Ralph, and Simon go to survey their new home. Along the way the boys redeem their first encounter with the islands pigs. They see a piglet caught in some of the plants. Quickly Jack draws his knife so as to kill the piglet. Instead of finish the act, however, Jack hesitates. Golding states that, The pause was only long enough for them to realize the enormity of what the downward stroke would be (Golding page ). Golding is suggesting that the societal taboos placed on killing are still ingrained within Jack.   The next significant encounter in Jacks progression is his first killing of a pig. There is a description of a great celebration. The boys chant Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood (Golding page ). It is clear from Goldings description of the revelry that followed the killing that the act of the hunt provided the boys with more than food. The action of killing another living thing gives them pleasure. The last stage in Jacks metamorphosis is demonstrated by the murder of the sow. Golding describes the killing almost as a rape. He says, Jack was on top of the sow, stabbing downward wherever pig flesh appeared ... Jack found the throat, and the hot blood spouted all over his hands. The sow collapsed under them and they w ere heavy and fulfilled upon her (Golding page ). In this case it is certain that the boys display animal savagery.   Because they have been away from organized society for much(prenominal) a long time, the boys of the island have become Goldings view of mankind, vile, destructive beasts.

Goldings View of Man and War Exposed in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

Goldings View of Man and War Exposed in Lord of the Flies     ...Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart (Golding 223).  An authors view of human conduct is often reflected in their writing. The novel, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding is an example of a literary work that demonstrates the authors view of man, as well his opinion of war.   Goldings Lord of the Flies is passing demonstrative of Goldings opinion that society is a thin and fragile veil that when removed shows man for what he truly is, a savage animal. Perhaps the scoop demonstration of this given by Golding is jaks progression to the killing of the place. Upon rootage landing on the island Jack, Ralph, and Simon go to survey their new home. Along the way the boys have their first encounter with the islands pigs. They see a piglet caught in some of the plants. Quickly Jack draws his knife so as to kill the piglet. Instead of completing the act, however, Jack hesitates. Golding states that, The pause was only long enough for them to realize the enormity of what the downward stroke would be (Golding page ). Golding is suggesting that the societal taboos placed on killing argon still ingrained within Jack.   The next significant encounter in Jacks progression is his first killing of a pig. There is a description of a great celebration. The boys chant Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood (Golding page ). It is clear from Goldings description of the revelry that followed the killing that the act of the hunt provided the boys with more than food. The follow through of killing another living thing gives them pleasure. The last stage in Jacks metamorphosis is demonstrated by the murder of the sow. Golding describes the killing almost as a rape. He says, Jack was on top of the sow, stabbing downward wherever pig flesh appeared ... Jack found the throat, and the hot blood spouted over his hands. The sow collapsed under them and they were heav y and fulfilled upon her (Golding page ). In this case it is certain that the boys display animal savagery.   Because they have been away from organized society for such a long time, the boys of the island have become Goldings view of mankind, vile, destructive beasts.

Goals of Financial Management Essay

Money required for carrying out business activities is called business finance. Almost all business activities require some finance. Finance is needed To establish a business , To run it To modernize it To expand it or diversify It is required to buy whole variety of assets, they may be tangible like machinery ,factories,building,offices or intangible like patents, technical expertise etc. Success of business depends considerably on how well the funds are deployed in assets Financial circumspection is concerned with optimum procurement as well as usage of finance.The financial management has to take three important decision viz. (i) enthronization decision i. e. , where to invest fund and in what amount, (ii) Financing decision i. e. , from where to raise funds and in what amount, and (iii) Dividend i. e. , how much to pay dividend and how much to retain for future expansion. In order to make these decisions the management must have a clear understanding of the documentary sought to be achieved. It is generally agreed that the financial objective of the firm should be maximation of owners economic welfare.There are two widely discussed approaches or criterion of maximizing owners welfare (i) wage maximization, and (ii) Wealth maximization. Profit maximization would probably be the most commonly cited business goal, but this is not a very precise objective. Do we pissed profits this year? If so, then actions such as deferring maintenance, letting inventories run down, and other short-run, cost-cutting measures will tend to increase profits now, but these activities arent needs desirable.The goal of maximizing profits may refer to some sort of long-run or average profits, but its unclear exactly what this means. First, do we mean something like accounting give the axe income or earnings per share? As we will see, these numbers may have little to do with what is proper or bad for the firm. Second, what do we mean by the long run? As a famous economist o nce remarked, in the long run, were all dead More to the point, this goal doesnt tell us the appropriate trade-off between current and future profits.Profit maximation Maximization of profits is very often considered as the main objective of a business enterprise. The stockholders, the owners of the business, invest their funds in the business with the hope of getting high dividend on their investment. Moreover, the profitability of the business is an indicator of the sound health of the organization, because, it safeguards the economic interests of various social groups which are directly or indirectly connected with the guild e. g. shareholders, creditors and employees.All these parties must get reasonable return for their contributions and it is possible only when company earns higher profits or sufficient profits to discharge the obligations to them. As long as we are dealing with for-profit businesses, only a slight modification is needed. The total revalue of the stock in a corporation is alone equal to the value of the owners equity. Therefore, a more general way of stating our goal . Finally, our goal does not imply that the financial manager should take illegal or unethical actions in the hope of increasing the value of the equity in the firm.What we mean is that the financial manager best serves the owners of the business by identifying goods and services that add up value to the firm because they are desired and valued in the free marketplace If we assume that stockholders buy stock because they seek to gain financially, then the manage is obvious Good decisions increase the value of the stock, and poor decisions decrease the value of the stock. The goal of maximizing the value of the stock avoids the problems associated with the different goals we listed earlier.There is no ambiguity in the criterion, and there is no short-run versus long-run issue. We explicitly mean that our goal is to maximize the current stock value. Because the goal of financial management is to maximize the value of the stock, we need to learn how to identify those investments and financing arrangements that favorably impact the value of the stock. This is precisely what we will be studying. In fact, we could have defined incorporate finance as the study of the relationship between business decisions and the value of the stock in the business.Wealth Maximization The term wealth means shareholders wealth or the wealth of persons who are involved in business concern. this is also known as value maximization or net worth maximization The wealth maximization (also known as value maximization or Net Present Worth Maximization) is also universally authoritative criterion for financial decision making. The value of an asset should be viewed in terms of benefits it can produce over the cost of capital investment. Wealth maximization is based on the concept of cash flow . cash flow are a reality and not based on subjective. It considers time value of m oney.

Balancing Ecosystems Essay

I am writing to ask the City Council of Glimmerville to join Sparkevilles effects to revitalize balance back to our aquatic ecosystem. The City Council of Sparkeville is asking that Glimmerville support an plan (which forget be outline later in this letter) that will deal with the over population of the Grass screw that has invaded our peeing ways.As the City Council of Glimmerville is well aw are our ecosystem has been unbalance for a while due to the invasion of the grass cheat fish that was introduced in our aquatic ecosystem to handle and balance our the biotic (living) and the abiotic (non-living) parts of the ecosystem back to an equilibrium state.While the Grass Carp was intended to help picture the overpopulating growth of the aquatic plants, not only did the Grass Carp do just that but formerly the overgrowth of the plants was spudn care of the fish began to unclouded ourentire lakes of all aquatic plants, once all plant life was gone they moved on to consume the wa ter ways detritus only with animal matter.In accordance to a report from the Environment and Energy (E&E) Committee, the Grass Carp has been linked to the increase in pollution and the reduction of oxygen due to the feeding method and behavior and the removal of the prominent plants that once dominated our water ways. The elimination of these plants is the direct cause for the other fish which attend on the aquatic vegetation as part of the cycle of life to vanish from our water ways. What I propose are a couple of options that I strongly believe will help rid our water ways with the over populated grass carp and to check our environment well balanced. picking 1- To reintroduce the water way natural fish back into the lakes and pond next promote a campaign asking for farmers to reduce the current center of fertilizers to slow down the growth on aqua vegetation, and lastly hold a Grass Carp fishing tournament offering various forms of incentives for participants, once the issue has been reduced to screen off all inlets and outlets to the water ways.Option 2- To eradicate huge numbers of Grass Carp with nominal cost and effort, we should take advantage of the Grass Carp fondness to assemble together each Spring in huge numbers in comparatively warm water ways preceding to and during their regenerating period. During the peak of Grass Carp regenerating period, we can position a extended seine netting that with go whole over all the crossways of the openings of the three water ways to put a stop to the Grass Carp from getting into the water ways. After the rivers and streams are cleared of the Grass Carp, we can put up boundary markers across two of crossway opening to avoid the Grass Carp from re-entering, and keep an eye on (monitor) the bottom food organisms, the clarity of the water and underwater aquatic plant above and beneath the boundary markers.Option-3 Because the Grass Carp will not feed in areas where there is a lot of human activities, we can ho ld boat races or swimming contest , only willnot avoid the fish from returning once that actives end.With the benefits being so great and causing no harm to any of our existing businesses, it makes good find to join and support our effect to resolve the problem of the Grass Carp fish.I look forward to hear from you soon, that we can put forth and enunciate effect to resolving this problem.ReferenceBonar, S. A., Vecht, S., Bennett, C., Pauley, G., & Thomas, G. (1993). Capture of Grass Carp from Vegetated Lakes. Retrieved August 10, 2014, from http//www.apms.org/japm/vol31/v31p168.pdf Conover, G., R. Simmonds, andM. Whalen, editors. Management and control plan for bighead,black, grass, and silver carps in the United States. Asian Carp Working Group, Aquatic NuisanceSpeciesTask Force, Washington, D.C.223 pp. Mississippi River Basin Panel (MRBP) onAquaticNuisance Species. AsianCarp Brochure.Bettendorf, Iowa. 2pp. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS). Asian Carp Aquatic Invasive Specie s Issues, Program Accomplishments, and Programneeds. Ft. Snelling, Minnesota. 4 pp

Modernisation and under-development Essay

The concept of globalisation is one that has become widely used in debates in politics, business and the media all over the historical few years. A decade ago the term globalisation was relatively unknown. Today it seems to be on the tip of everyones tongue. Globalisation refers to the fact we on the whole increasingly live in one world, so that individuals, groups and nations become interdependent. According to Held, Goldblatt and Perraton globalisation is an idea whose time has come yet it (globalisation) lacks precise definition. despite the imprecision of the term globalisation the use of the term, according to Held and McGrew, reflects increased interconnectedness in political, scotch and cultural matters across the world creating a sh bed affectionate space. Hyperglobalists argue that contemporary globalisation defines a new era in which peoples everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. Although economic forces are an integral part o f globalisation, it would be wrong to suggest that they alone produce it.Globalisation is created by the coming together of politics, social, cultural and economic factors. It has been driven in the lead above all by the development of the information and communication technologies that have intensified the speed and scope of interaction between people al over the world. As a simple example, think of the last 2008 Olympics. Because of global television links some of the sports are now watched by millions worldwide. Marx believed direct expressions of underlying economic organisation, quite different types of political order may exist in societies that have similar production systems.For instance, some societies based on industrial capitalism have had authoritarian political systems (examples are Nazi German and South Africa under apartheid) whole others are much more democratic for example, the United States, Britain or Sweden. The impact of science and technology both influence a nd are influenced by political and cultural factors scientific and technology development for example helped create youthful forms of communication such as radio and television. Radio, television and other electronic media have also come to shape the how we think and feel about the world.The excogitation of writing for instance, allowed for the keeping of records, making possible increased control of material resources and development of large scale organisations. The free market does nothing to address re-distribution of wealth. It assumes that wealth will trickle down to the poor. The former British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, once said it is our job to glory in inequality and see that talents and abilities are effrontery vent and expression for the benefit of all of us.

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay

The polluter pays rationale states that whoever is responsible for damage to the environment should bear the exists associated with it. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is cardinal of the internationally accept commandments that in? uence the shaping of environmental policy at both the national and international level. As unmatched of the environmental rules that deem create from political slogans to legal rules, it is likewise increasingly re? ected in national and international law. It is seen and analyzed both as a principle of environmental political economy and as a principle of environmental law.In environmental economics, it is discussed as an ef? ciency principle of internalization of environmental costs. As a legal principle, it is usually handle as a principle for the allocation of the cost of contamination streak, and for liability and compensation for environmental damage. In general, it is takeed as an important and justly principle in the perspective o f environmental defendion. It is often mentioned together with other(a) major environmental principles much(prenominal) as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration.In general, it is regarded as an important and right principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. The polluter pays principle (PPP or principle) requires the polluter to bear the expense of preventing, controlling, and cleaning up taint. Its main goals are cost allocation and cost internalization.In 1972, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) articulated the principle explicitly and in 1989 indicated that it should be applied to agriculture. Though the principle originated as an economic principle, since 1990 it has been recognized internationally as a legal pr inciple. The PPP now plays an important role in national and international environmental policy. The European Community (EC) adoptive the principle in the 1987 Single European arrange, and it has appeared in international agreements, including the Rio Declaration of 1992.The principle is an explicit part of legislation in some nations in others, it is an inexplicit subtext for both environmental regulation and liability for pollution. Historical Evolution Of Polluter Pays Principle The polluter pays principle, like the other great towering principles that today operate international environmental law, such as (1) the sustainable development principle (2) the prevention principle (3) the precautionary principle and (4) the proximity principle, started as a political declaration with pop out legal force.The polluter pays principle has been included in historys with legal status. For instance, many modern constitutions in the European Union explicitly provide for a right to a clea n environment and thus environmental policy principles also constitute environmental law. The right to a clean environment implies a art of the state to protect its citizens, but it is questionable whether these principles or social rights can yet be considered subjective rights, meaning that they can be compel by citizens in a court.However, some see the right to a clean environment as a tender or natural right existing independently of politically decided treaties. Finally, the polluter pays principles is now seen in specific pieces of legislation becoming more (or some might say less(prenominal)) than a grand constitutional statement of an intractable human right. OECD the birth of the polluter pays principle Some explanation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in its historical development.The principle first appeared in a legal context in a document prepared by the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developme nt (OECD) and included the following recommendation The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment is the so-called Polluter Pays principle.This principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above mentioned measures decided by public authorities to keep in line that the environment is in an acceptable state. In other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment.In 2001, the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and environment, after years of motherhood and development by other organisations, stated that a new and expanded form of the polluter pays prin ciple should provide that the polluter should be held responsible for environmental damage caused and bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention measures or paying for damaging the state of the environment where the consumptive or productive activities causing the environmental damage are not covered by airscrew rights. United Nations the Rio Declaration This proclamation was proved, at least on paper, if not yet by jus cogens, in 1992 when the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development delegates agreed on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the Rio Declaration), which has been described as an instrument of international jurisprudence that articulates policies and prescriptions directed at the achievement of worldwide sustainable development.It is of note that Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration provides that national authorities should enterprisingness to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic ins truments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. The principles appearance in such a seminal statement of the undamental principles of international environmental law demonstrates its significance in environmental liability regimes around the world. United States The principle has to some extent informed United States legislation, but its influence should not be overstated and commentators note that The United States, in contrast to the European nations, does not officially recognize the polluter pays principle as a distinct principle or policy mandate, but does, by natural political and economic inclination, closely follow its precepts in practice.Certain provisions of the United States Clean distribute Act 1970 (the CAA) and Clean body of water Act 1977 (the CWA) require polluters to satisfy environmental standards at the ir own expense and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) assigns liability for costs associated with cleaning-up sites contaminated by hazardous wastes. CERCLA is a notable milestone in the development of the polluter pays principle in the United States and commentators have noted that the polluter pays principle is one of the central objectives or goals of CERCLA.Flaws in the Polluter Pays Principle Few people could disagree with what seems at first inspect to be such a straightforward proposition. Indeed, properly construed, this is not only a proceed principle for dealing with those who pollute but is an extension of one of the most basic principles of fairness and justice people should be held responsible for their actions. Those who cause damage or harm to other people should pay for that damage. This collecting to our sense of justice is why the polluter pays principle (PPP) has come to resonate so strongly with both polic y makers and the public.As a general rule, sound economic analysis of pollution and environmental problems must also be based on the principle of responsibility. Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is good economics as tumefy it not only advances fairness and justice, but also enhances economic efficiency. In other words, with appropriate policies based on a PPP, we should not have to wear up the economic efficiency of a free market system based on snobby property in order to obtain environmental protection, nor vice versa.But as with most such general principles, the devil is in the details. In this case, the details relate to three basic questions that any action of the PPP must answer. First, how do we define pollution and therefore a polluter? Second, how much should the polluter pay, once he is identified? Third, to whom should the payment be made? The answers to these questions are at the heart of whether any application of the PPP will be either just o r economically efficient.A properly construed polluter pays principle would penalize those who injure other people by harming their persons, or by degrading their property. Too often, however, the PPP is misdefined and misused to suppress private economic activity that benefits the parties directly involved and does no specific damage to other people, but which offends those who oppose human impact on the environment and take to leave resources undeveloped. The objective is to restrain the resource use at the expense of the property owners and consumers without cost to those who wish to see the resources remain idle.Under such a misapplication of the PPP, very often a polluter is not someone who is harming others, but is someone who is simply using his own property and resources in a way that is not approved of by government officials or environmentalists. In such cases there is no harm to be measured and no accredited victims to compensate. Consequently, the amount to be paid is not de landmarkined by the extent of any actual damage done. Rather, it is set at a level that curbs the politically disfavored activity to the degree desired by its opponents.And finally, the payment (whether there are real victims or not) typically goes to the government in the form of a tax. In other words, in most cases, the PPP is used as cover to promote a political or ideological agenda rather than to ensure that real polluters pay compensation to real victims of their activities. Constitutional and Legislative Measures Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to conserve and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and improve the environment.Accordingly, Indian Parliament inserted two Articles, i. e. ,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution of India in 1976, Article 48A of the Constitution rightly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.The cumulative effect of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the State as well as the citizens both are now under constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. Every generation owes a duty to all come through generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. The phrase protect and improve appearing in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an assentient government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to preserve the environment in its degraded form.Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legi slations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 the timber (Conservation) Act, 1980.The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or resorting of the wholesomeness of water. The Act prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter from entering into any waterway or well. The Act provides for the formation of Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board. The new industries are required to obtain prior approval of such Boards before discharging any trade effluent, sewages into water bodies.No perso n, without the previous consent of the Boards shall bring into use new or altered matter for the discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or throne or on land. The consent of the Boards shall also be required for continuing an existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land. In the Ganga Water Pollution case, the owners of some tanneries near Kanpur were discharging their effluents from their factories in Ganga without setting up primary treatment whole kits.The Supreme Court held that the financial force of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. The Court directed to stop the running of these tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from the tanneries either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a permanent process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Pollution Control B oard.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 aims to provide levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying current industries and local authorities to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards constituted for the prevention and control of water pollution. The object is to realise money from those whose activities lead to pollution and who must bear the expenses of the maintaining and running of such Boards.The industries may obtain a rebate as to the extent of 25% if they set up treatment plant of sewage or trade effluent. The Air Act has been designed to prevent, control and abatement of air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are industries, automobiles, domestic fires, and so forth The air pollution adversely affects heart and lung and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood. According to Roggar Mustress, the American Scientist, air pollution causes mental tension which leads to increase in crimes in the so ciety.The Air Act defines an air pollutant as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. The Act provides that no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board establish or operate any industrial plant in an air-pollution control area. The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the power and functions under the Air Act.The main function of the Boards under the Air Act is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. The permission granted by the Board may be conditional one wherein stipulations are made in respect of raising of atomic pile height and to provide various control equipments and monitoring equipments. It is expressly provided that persons carrying on indu stry shall not allow emission of air pollutant in excess of standards set down by the Board. In Delhi, the public transport system including buses and taxies are operating on a single fuel CNG mode on the directions give by the Supreme Court.Initially, there was a lot of resistance from bus and taxi operators. But now they themselves realise that the use of CNG is not only environment friendly but also economical. Noise has been taken as air pollutant within the meaning of Air Act. Sound becomes noise when it causes annoyance or irritates. in that respect are many sources of noise pollution like factories, vehicles, reckless use of loudspeakers in marriages, religious ceremonies, religious places, etc. Use of crackers on festivals, attractive of teams in the games, and other such occasions causes not only noise pollution but also air pollution.The Air Act prevents and controls both these pollutions. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted to provide for the protection and improvement of the quality of environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. The Act came into existence as a direct consequence of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The term environment has been defined to include water, air and land, and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

Ed Philosophy Essay

Philosophy of body politicment can refer to either the academic field of utilise philosophy or to one of any genteelnessal philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education. As an academic field, philosophy of education is the philosophical study of education and its problems its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy. 1 The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education.That is, it may be fraction of the discipline in the sense of being come to with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline. 2 As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistem ology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as swell up as the process of learning, to name a few.3 For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational recitations, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation back between educational theory and practice. Instead of being taught in philosophy departments, philosophy of education is usually housed in departments or colleges of education, similar to how philosophy of legality is generally taught in law schools.1 The multiple ways of conceiving education coupled with the multiple fields and approaches of philosophy make philosophy of education not but a very diverse field but also one that is not easily defined. Although there is overlap, philosophy of education should not be confl ated with educational theory, which is not defined specifically by the application of philosophy to questions in education. Philosophy of education also should not be confused with philosophy education, the practice of teaching and learning the subject of philosophy.Philosophy of education can also be understood not as an academic discipline but as a normative educational theory that unifies pedagogy, curriculum, learning theory, and the purpose of education and is grounded in specific metaphysical, epistemological, and axiological assumptions. These theories are also called educational philosophies. For example, a instructor might be said to follow a perennialist educational philosophy or to follow a perennialist philosophy of education. Contents * 1 Philosophy of preparation * 1. 1 Idealism * 1. 1. 1 Plato * 1. 1. 2 Immanuel Kant * 1.1. 3 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel * 1. 2 Realism * 1. 2. 1 Aristotle * 1. 2. 2 Avicenna * 1. 2. 3 Ibn Tufail * 1. 2. 4 John Locke * 1. 2. 5 Jean-J acques Rousseau * 1. 2. 6 Mortimer Jerome Adler * 1. 2. 7 Harry S. Broudy * 1. 3 Scholasticism * 1. 3. 1 Thomas Aquinas * 1. 3. 2 John Milton * 1. 4 Pragmatism * 1. 4. 1 John Dewey * 1. 4. 2 William pile * 1. 4. 3 William Heard Kilpatrick * 1. 4. 4 Nel Noddings * 1. 4. 5 Richard Rorty * 1. 5 Analytic Philosophy * 1. 5. 1 Richard Stanley Peters * 1. 5. 2 Paul H. Hirst * 1. 6 Existentialism * 1. 6. 1 Karl Jaspers * 1. 6.2 Martin Buber * 1. 6. 3 Maxine Greene * 1. 7 Critical Theory * 1. 7. 1 Paulo Freire * 1. 8 Postmodernism * 1. 8. 1 Martin Heidegger * 1. 8. 2 Hans-Georg Gadamer * 1. 8. 3 Jean-Francois Lyotard * 1. 8. 4 Michel Foucault * 2 Normative Educational Philosophies * 2. 1 Perennialism * 2. 1. 1 onlyan inflorescence * 2. 2 Progressivism * 2. 2. 1 Jean Piaget * 2. 2. 2 Jerome Bruner * 2. 3 Essentialism * 2. 3. 1 William Chandler Bagley * 2. 4 Social Reconstructionism and Critical Pedagogy * 2. 4. 1 George Counts * 2. 4. 2 Maria Montessori * 2. 5 Waldorf * 2. 5. 1 Rudolf Stei ner * 2.6 Democratic Education * 2. 6. 1 A. S. Neill * 2. 7 Classical Education * 2. 7. 1 Charlotte Mason * 2. 8 Unschooling * 2. 8. 1 John Holt * 2. 8. 2 Contemplative education * 3 Professional organizations and associations * 4 References * 5 Further reading * 6 External links Philosophy of Education Idealism Plato Inscribed herma of Plato. (Berlin, Altes Museum). Main word Plato mesh 424/423 BC 348/347 BC Platos educational philosophy was grounded in his vision of the ideal Republic, wherein the exclusive was best served by being subordinated to a alone society.He advocated removing children from their mothers care and raising them as wards of the state, with great care being taken to differentiate children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. Education would be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the hig hest form of endeavor. Plato believed that talent was distributed non-genetically and and then must be found in children born in any social class.He builds on this by insisting that those suitably gifted are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. What this establishes is essentially a system of selective public education premised on the assumption that an educated minority of the population are, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), sufficient for healthy governance. Platos writings contain some of the sideline ideas Elementary education would be confined to the guardian class till the age of 18, followed by two years of compulsory military training and accordingly by higher education for those who qualified.While elementary education made the soul responsive to the environment, higher education helped the soul to search for truth which light up it. Both boys and girls receive the same kind of education. El ementary education consisted of music and gymnastics, designed to train and blend gentle and fierce qualities in the individual and cook a harmonious person. At the age of 20, a selection was made. The best one would take an advanced cross in mathematics, geometry, astronomy and harmonics. The first course in the scheme of higher education would last for ten years.It would be for those who had a flair for science. At the age of 30 there would be some other selection those who qualified would study dialectics and metaphysics, logic and philosophy for the next five years. They would study the idea of good and first principles of being. After accepting junior positions in the army for 15 years, a man would have completed his supposed and practical education by the age of 50. Immanuel Kant Main article Immanuel Kant Date 17241804 Immanuel Kant believed that education differs from training in that the latter involves thinking whereas the former does not.In addition to educating reaso n, of central importance to him was the development of character and teaching of moral maxims. Kant was a counselor of public education and of learning by doing. 4 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Main article Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Date 17701831 Realism Aristotle Bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek dye original by Lysippos from 330 B. C. Main article Aristotle Date 384 BC 322 BC Only fragments of Aristotles treatise On Education are still in existence.We thus know of his philosophy of education primarily through brief passages in other works. Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education. 1 Thus, for example, he considered repetition to be a key tool to develop good habits. The teacher was to lead the student systematically this differs, for example, from Socrates vehemence on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas (though the comparison is perhaps incongruous since Socrates was deali ng with adults).Aristotle placed great emphasis on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught. Subjects he explicitly mentions as being important included reading, writing and mathematics music physical education literature and history and a wide range of sciences. He also mentioned the importance of play. One of educations primary missions for Aristotle, perhaps its most important, was to produce good and virtuous citizens for the polis. All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth.2 Avicenna Main article Avicenna Date 980 AD 1037 AD In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. ilk madrasahs (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to a mosque. In the 11th century, Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the West), wrote a chapter dealing with the maktab entitled The Role of th e instructor in the Training and Upbringing of Children, as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools.He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sina describe the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.5 Ibn Sina wrote that children should be sent to a maktab school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote that they should be taught the Quran, Islamic metaphysics, language, literature, Islamic ethics, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills). 5 Ibn Sina refers to the lowly education stage of maktab schooling as the period of specialization, when pupils shou ld begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status.He writes that children after the age of 14 should be given a choice to choose and specialize in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibleness regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the students emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.6 The empiricist theory of tabula rasa was also developed by Ibn Sina. He argued that the human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know and that acquaintance is attained through empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts which is devel oped through a syllogistic method of reasoning observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts. He further argued that the intellect itself possesses levels of development from the material intellect (al-aql al-hayulani), that potentiality that can acquire knowledge to the prompt intellect (al-aql al-fail), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge. 7

Legalizing the Use of Drugs

Many feel today we are losing the war on do mediciness. When a battle goes to the point where thither is no winner, there needs to be a re-evaluation of how to solve the business. In the case of the war against drugs, years of fighting have ca mapd increased abomination, overcrowding of prisons, and the wasted use of money and resources with no results. It is now time to look at alternative methods to solve the nations drug problem. Although, legitimation exit increase use of the drug a majority of use will be by those who already use drugs not by new comers who might only try it once push through of curiosity.Proof of this can be found in Holland when in 1970 the government legalized the use of marijuana for adults. The legalization of illicit drugs has proved that just because a drug is made legal it does not mean it will cause a rapid rise and abuse by society (Friedman). However, many supporters of continuing the suppression of drugs believe that by legalizing drugs they w ill become more genial and use will therefore increase. They base this argument on past experiments dealings with inebriant prohibition. afterward the end of prohibition with the 21st amendment, alcohol consumption doubled, while prohibition decreased use by 50 percent (Light). Another voice can be found in Liverpool, England. After a recent legalization of drugs in a regulatory program that focuses on the medical benefits of drugs, close drug pushers there left town because there was no longer a market for them. This shows that legalization actually decreases use because of the increased emphasis on rehabilitation and the decrease of drug pushers.Such a dramatic decrease in drug dealers has not only resulted in crime reduction in England but there has also been a decrease of drug use. It is true, legalization will not eliminate the major cause of violent crime however, more or less arguments, that say that drug legalization will not decrease crime, deal with the idea that mo st violent crimes occur as a result of alcohol use. If this is true, legalization will not effect crime that is alcohol related but it will decrease violent crime that is linked to drug dealing and use.The drugs themselves may not cause violent crime, but people involved in the distributing of illicit drugs commit the deadliest crime. By legalizing drugs the dealer would be eliminated and therefore crime would be reduced. Granted, the overall cost of drug use would not decrease however, supporters of the continued war on drug and the further prohibition of these drugs say that legalization would cost more both socially and economically. They say that legalization would result in increased use and eventually will mean an increase in deaths with.Another result they say will be the decay of family values as a result of increased drug using mothers and children. Actually, the legalization of drugs will put money, which is used for law enforcement into the construction of better rehabili tation and education programs. Education is an essential element in this proposal because through education the problem will find a better than merely covering it up behind jail bars. Economically, for every dollar spent on drug intervention there is a $7 return due to decreased criminal activity.Through the regulation and supervision of the distribution of marijuana, there would be no increases in the number of drug-addicted newborns, nor will it induce the deterioration of society. Thus the overall cost of drug use would decrease and would bring new revenue for our nation. After looking at and knowing the pro and cons of marijuana legalization, I have decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our countrys drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through rehabilitation and education sort of of stalling the problem through the legal system.Legalization will decrease violent crime associate d with drug dealers it will decrease the number of users and will overthrow the wasteful cost, which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way, because the drugs will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will continue to crowd our prisons and plague our streets with violent crime with no hope for help and a better future.

Beverage Service Training Program for Servers

Beverage armed operate educate Program for Servers Introduction Beverage service industry is typically defined as a part of the hospitality industry. The culture program coaches the servers to welcome customers, take drink orders, and serve drinks in a competent manner. The graceful air of beverage servers is extremely valuable because they atomic number 18 the frontline representatives of the restaurant/ hotel. Although, no fractious core education or genteelness is necessary for this industry, yet the development of a planned reproduction module is essential.The basic etiquettes, which are essential for this industry, can be imbibed by divers(a) training approaches (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Training Methods In the beverage serving industry, customer is the central focalise. Therefore, it is vital to serve him in the best contingent manner. In this whole act, server is the crucial element of dining service, so that there is implementation of diverse training modules . There is a bifurcation of training modules in two categories Off-the-job and On-the-job training modulesOff-the-job Training This training module entails classroom training. This training requires extra devotion from the server in gaining training. Different types of training modes in this module are Classroom Lectures This training includes lecture delivery on topics related to curriculum of the training module. It is beneficial because the instructor provides first-hand training to the servers and servers get proper guideline to follow. The instructor go away provide information to serve glass or place the tray.Also readModules 9 & 10One more benefit of this technique is that, in case of any mystification, the server can ask immediately (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Role Plays It is the some widely used training method, as it inculcates the grounding of real time situations. In this, the server experiences different supposed(a) situations and prepares himself to react in the m ost efficient manner (Danziger, and Dunkle, 2005) On-the-job training, module This training method is most appropriate for this industry. The different techniques, applied in this field, are Coaching It engrosses one-to-one interaction.In this, the server gets assignation of a senior person, and the person communicates the plan to the server. The basic utility of this method is that it provides a prospect, with which a server gets blinking feedback for his performance (Parpal, 2012). Apprenticeship Training This training module enables the server to experience actual working performance. This training alike provides the server with suggesting some novel ideas of serving the drinks, new wine combinations, and many more (Danziger and Dunkle, 2005).Training Objectives The training objectives, in beverage serving training, are mostly not quantitative but qualitative. Some of the training objectives are as follows 1. To Impart Effective Communication Skills The communication skills are hugely prominent in the service industry, as it will persuade the customers to buy that product. The perfect explanation of the menu is a prerequisite in this industry. 2. To Instill Serving Skills The manner of placing the glass on the table is extremely crucial.While serving the customers, it is essential to focus over the table, as placing glasses over the table will require caution and proper collection of plates and glasses (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 3. Proper Dressing Style In the hospitality sector, it is essential to have proper dressing style. The personal hygiene is a noteworthy factor, as the dirty or clumsy appearance will impart a false impression on the customers (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 4. Building Right Attitude The right lieu involves the empathetic behavior of servers towards customers.The feeling of helping customers with a smile is particularly influential in service oriented sector. Building right responsive behavior, concerning customers is the main moti ve of this object (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 5. Attentiveness It refers to cautious behavior regarding customers desires. A decent server will be vigilant enough to recognize the requirements of customers like, when a customers glass is empty, the server immediately needs to ask if the customer needs other nail down for drink. It is terribly hard during night shifts and long working hours (Arduser, and Brown, 2005).Measurement of Training Success To calculate the success of training, various methods are employed 1. Regular Assessment This method is highly functional for the measurement of success of training modules. The learning time consumed in gaining expertise in the operations, like handling feeding bottles, opening the cork of the bottle and displaying controlled hand gestures are measured by this method (Parpal, 2012). 2. Observations The behaviors with customers and dressing style are measured by keen observation.The courteous behavior is measured by ardent supervision. M oreover, the supervisor keeps an intense vision on the behavior of the server during night hours. During night hours, the chance of misbehaving with customers is comparatively high. 3. Customer Satisfaction Survey This method is the finest among all the evaluation tools. Customers provide the genuine results for the performance of any beverage server. It will require a set of questions, which may offer correct measurement of performance (Parpal, 2012).Various other parameters are also interpreted into consideration for the performance measurement of servers, for example, attendance during lectures, dedication to learning more and evaluation of daily feedbacks. all(prenominal) these data will then be evaluated to calculate the overall success of the training program. In the end, the customer revisit will also be a symbol of success of training schedule (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) be given Cited Arduser, Lora and Brown, Robert D. The Waiter & Waitress and Waitstaff Training Handbook A Complete Guide to the Proper Steps in expediency for Food & Beverage Employees.Atlantic Publishing Company, 2005 Danziger, James and Dunkle, Debora. Methods of Training in the Workplace. Web. 10 October 2012. http//www. crito. uci. edu/papers/2005/DanzigerDunkle. pdf Hickey, Philip J. and Cichy, Richard. Managing Service in Food and Beverage Operations. Educational Inst of the Amer Hotel (3rd ed. ). 2011 Parpal, Monica. Restaurant Server Training Guidelines. Restaurant Equipment and Supplies. Web. 10 October 2012.

How Markets and Investors value stocks Essay

Collectively, Team B believes phone line is a security that shows possession in a company or asset and symbolizes claim from investors or the owner. The market and invests argon interested in two types of funds which are common and preferred. Common stock typically gives a share of ownership in a corporation, to which gives owners and investors rights to vote or make endings, and a right to receive dividends. Preferred stock, gives no decision-making or voting rights, but has a greater return on assets and earnings to investors than the common shares. When preferred stocks are purchased, the investor has an expectation when dividends are to be received because of the regular intervals they are paid. With common stocks, the board of directors determines if a dividend forget be paid or not. When evaluating stocks, there are two key variables, which are profitability and exploitation (Mcconnache, 2007). behave ownership is decided by the quantity of shares a shareowner has compar ative to the quantity of striking shares. When appraising stocks, a valuation should include all risk, expansion plans and a dodging to diversify.With Internet engineering investors have a considerable amount of resources to measure the profitability of stocks. This technology exits investors to aggressively and vigorously searches for corporations that hobo provide a high return on investment. Investors should be interested in the future process of a corporation vice only considering the present day value. New ideas should be considered a strategy when estimating the future growth and profitability of a stock cash flow (How To Value A Stock, 2009). The market has a tremendous effect on the value of a stock and its profitability with supply and demand. The market has the abilities to determine when to allocate resources to adjust the supply anddemand. When that shift happens it regulate the increase or decrease of the stock price in the market.The stock market can undervalue a stock for countless intention such as dividends, earnings, and sales. These intensions attract investor that anticipates purchasing stocks prior to the market snowballing the prices. When investors find it adept or feel knowledgeable about the stock or market, and understand the rules governing the market are fair, it grows at a faster pace (How To Value A Stock, 2009). Even through the stock market can seen intimidating, there are safeguards for investors, which are the Securities and Exchange Commission ( entropy) and National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). SEC controls and develops laws and regulations that govern the securities industry and NASD manages added regulations and put in force federal securities acts. These two organizations provide investor protection and allow an even playing to all. ConclusionMarkets and investor evaluate stocks from many different perspectives before making a decision to invest. Many factors to include political, economical, social & cultural and technology influences how a stock can generate tax income for an investor. Moreover, Present Value and Future Value are also methods investors used to determine an valuations of stocks for profitability.ReferenceMcconnache, S. (2007). How to Do A Basic Stock Evaluation. Retrieved from http//www.ezinearticles.com How to Value a Stock. (2009). Retrieved from http//www/forbes.com/2009/04/14/investingstockParrino, R., Kidwell, D.S., & Bates, T.W. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.

Black Hawk Down Movie Essay

When the cinema Black monger Down was first released I like a shot wanted to watch it. Once I had the opportunity to see this film I was not frustrate and it instantly became one of my favorite moving pictures. I particularly liked this film because I found it to be a captivating movie that provided a glimpse into the minds of American military leaders, especially the elite forces during a controversial conflict. In the years leading up to the conflict portrayed in Black chaffer Down the country of Somalia had been involved in a civil war. Rival clans headed by vicious warlords were rutted against one another. They maintained their power by hold upling the weapons and food. By late 1993 over 300,000 civilians had been starved to expiry by these warlords. When the unite Nations could no longer keep the peace and distribute food to those in needs, the United States sent in an elite group of military forces to the region.Ridley Scott directed Black Hawk Down, which was released in 2001. The movie tells the story of 24 hours in the life of American elite soldiers in a clear, focused, and honorable manner. The movie begins with the capture of a man named Mr. Otto who global Garrison, the American commander of forces in Somalia believes to be the main provider of weapons to the playing areas primary warlord, Aidi. With the help of inside Intel General Garrison decides to dispatch Army Ranger and Delta forces into Bakara Market area of Mogadishu in order to capture two of Aidis key personnel Omar Salad, his top political advisor and Abdi Hassan, a militia minister.When the U.S. forces left, they were arranged in four chalks. Army Rangers were assigned to evacuate minatory hawks by the use of fast ropes, and then to secure the corners around the head house where Aidids custody would be arrested by Delta Force who were dropped in the target site by small birds. The prisoners were then suppose to be transported by a escort of Humvees back to the U.S. base during which time the black hawks would circulate the set upto provide over head cover. The entire delegating was scheduled to take an hour.The codeword Irene was use to start the mission. When the birds reached their target area Rangers began to file start the fast ropes. After the first bird had let its men out, the mission went wrong. As the black hawk maneuvered to miss an RPG, Private First naval division Todd Blackburn missed the rope as he departed the black hawk and fell nearly 70 feet. Private First Class Good, the chalk medic came to Blackburns aid. Unfortunately, Blackburns injuries were far more severe than he was equipped to handle.Blackburn undeniable to be extracted immediately. As Blackburn was loaded onto a stretcher to await the arrival of the medevac the firefight intensified and the Rangers were oblige to branch out. With eyes on the battlefield from a screen located at the command center, General Garrison observed the deteriorating situation. Within minu tes thousands of Somalis began to erect barricades, start fires, and maneuver themselves towards the American forces. These barricades caused the Humvees to alter from their lord course in an attempt to make it to the pick up site.At the same time, the Ranger and Delta forces had successfully captured Aidis key men. When the Humvees finally arrived, Blackburn was near death. The chalk leader decided that three Humvees would break from the escort and take Blackburn back to base however, while in route to the base their gun man was killed. The metropolis was filled with Somalis shooting at the force from every possible direction. While this was taking place, the helicopters continued to circle the city.They provided aerial support for the ground forces. While providing aerial support one of the black hawks (Super Six One) piloted by Wilcott was hit by an RPG. Initially Wilcott believed the damage was minor, but his bird quickly began to spin out of control and proceeded to crash whi ch quickly changed the American forces mission. Now the American forces had to reach the fallen bird forward the Somalis did. With a chopper leading the way, ground forces along with Humvees began to make their way to the crash site, but fate laid low(p) again. While leading the escort, the chopper manned by Mike Durant was shot down by an RPG.A forward-looking plan was then created in order to secure the second fallen black hawk. The new plan was for the Humvees to continue on to the first crash site, secure it, recover the wounded as tumesce as dead, head to the second crash, site secure it, and then finally head back to the base. However, before the Humvees where able to make it to the first crash site they had taken so numerous casualties that they were forced to light to base leaving the Delta force and Ranger forces to fight the growing mob.As night fell the be forces settled into fallen homes where they proceeded to take care of their wounded and fire at advancing Som alis. Meanwhile the convoy returned to base, unloaded their wounded, rearmed and headed back out to birth the American forces. Additionally, small birds darted through Mogadishu firing down upon the Somalis in an attempt to provide fire support.By 930 that night a rescue plan was in place. The U.S. forces would hook up with the Malaysian and Pakistani forces, form a convoy and represent the remaining forces back to base. There task was a long and tedious process as the convoy was constantly under fire. However, by 545 the following morning the convoy had reached the troops and was header back to base. The only problem with this was that there was not enough room for all of the soldiers. Due to this fact, some(a) of the soldiers were forced to run back to the base amid the continued shooting. The movie concluded as a man-sized forced prepared to return in an attempt to find Mike Durant.In conclusion, Black Hawk Down is an excellent, must see movie. In my opinion the movies accomp lished three main goals. First, it informs the viewers of the events that occurred in Somalia. Second, it brings the audience deep into the heart of battle by showing a realistic portrayal of attack and the brave actions of numerous American soldiers. Consequently, the movie gives its viewers a sense of the fellowship that was felt among the American forces that were apart of this conflict as well as a deeper appreciation for the sacrifice that so many Americans make even when not involved in a major war. Finally, throughout this movie Ridley Scott highlights one of the principle warrior ethos used by the fighting forcesand lived by many American Soldiers neer leave a fallen comrade.

Hydraulic Machines

30 CHAPTER 5 TURBINES 5. 1 Introduction hydraulic turbines ar the machines which use the nil of peeing supply and convert it to mechanized energy. The mechanical energy veritable by a turbine is used in rill an electric generator which is directly conju wood to the shaft of the turbine. The electric generator thus develops electric big businessman, which is cognise as hydro-electric power. 5. 2 Elements of hydraulic situation Plants Fig. 5. 1 General Layout of a Hydraulic Power Plant 31 Fig. 5. 1 shows a usual layout of hydraulic power plant, in which an artificial storage reservoir functioned by constructing a dekametre has been shown. 5. 3General Classification of Turbines Turbines be hydraulic machines that convert energy into rotating mechanical energy which in turn generators to disclose electrical energy. Originally developed from the peeing wheels, hydraulic turbines atomic number 18 the prime mortars of importance in unexampled water power development. According to their hydraulic action, turbines atomic number 18 broadly divided into devil classes. (1) relish Turbine Impulse turbines ar more efficient for mellow guides. At the inlet to the turbine counterbalance, blackmail conduce clear be get it only converted into ki ter minute of arcateic passing game in the form of a putting green of water outcome from one or more nibs.The free honey oil give be at atmospheric mash in the lead as well as after striking the weathervanes. The turbines be regulated by nozzles which whitethorn be a simple straight hightail it causa or a kiboshor type. The impulse turbines be commonly represented by Pelton Wheels. Turgo turbine is also an impulse turbine but with diverse buckets, when compared with pelton. Turgo and cross f number 1 turbines are relatively new developments in this class. The of import returns of these turbines are They freighter be easily adopted to power variation with almost uninterrupted comp etency. The penstock oer instancy level and the commencement over animate control are easier. The turbine enables an easier chief(prenominal)tenance. Due to the jet the manufacturing business of these turbines impose a miti entranceway solid particle control, conducting, consequently, to a lower abrasion effect. (2) Reaction Turbine A turbine flock be made to rotate infra the action of water diminishing under pressure by means of the come in-back. In such turbines the penstocks, the inlet passage to the runner, passage in the midst of the runner vanes, all form a continuous passage for the fall down under a pressure which continuously decreases from inlet to event.The turbine runner directly converts two kinetic energy as well as the pressure energy into mechanical energy. Reaction turbines are represented in modern practice by two principal types the Francis turbine where the flow is directed radial to the runner axis and the Propeller type 32 where the flow is ax ial to the runner axis. Propeller turbines may be fixed blade or adjustable blade types. Kaplan turbine has adjustable blades. The main advantages of these turbines are It needs lesser installation space. It allows a greater net stop and a better protection against downstream high flood levels. It can cast off greater runner hotfoot. It can bring in greater efficiencies for high power mensurate. In order to distinguish different turbines, the hydraulically salient features like pressure, chieftain, flow direction and magnitude, hie and power etc. The general classification of hydraulic turbines is illustrated in Fig. 5. 2. Hydraulic Turbines Impulse Turbines Pelton Turgo Reaction Turbines Cross-Flow Fixed -Blade Propeller Kaplan Francis Tubular Deriaz Bulb Fig. 5. 2 General Classification of Turbines 5. 4 Number of Units It is normally cost hard-hitting to have a minimum number of units at a given small ydropower installation. Multiple units may, however, be necessary f rom the ope rational menstruum of view so that charge one unit breaks down or is in the routine sustainment, the power generation can be achieved to a trusted extent. The efficiency curves of turbines show that the 33 efficiency of power generation from hydraulic turbines substantially decreases at low flow ratios or power ratios. In multiple units, it is accomplishable to maintain the high efficiency even in low flows and the low loads by running a certain number of the units at a time depending upon the available get down and the load demand.Multiple units thus, make the most effective use of water where the flow as well as the load variations are significant. 5. 5 Limits of physical exertion of Turbine Types The selection of best turbines for any particular small hydropower site depends on the site diagnostics, the dominant beings the qualifying and the available flow. There are some limits on the frame of these parameters in the selection of turbines. Each turbine t ype is best suited to a certain range of pressure head and the flow rate. For instance, Pelton wheels operate with low flows discharged under great pressures where as Propeller turbines are effective in high flows under low heads.Francis turbines fall in the medium category covering a wide range of different heads and discharges. The common practice of SHP systems is to develop standard unit sizes of equipment that leave operate over a range of heads and flows. Either charts or nomo charts are used to select appropriate units for site peculiar(prenominal) application. One such chart showing the head-flow range of normal SHP schemes applicable to each type of turbine is given in Fig5. 3. The graph also indicates the approximate power generation for each combination of the head and the discharge applicable to SHP schemes. Fig. . 3 Head-Flow Ranges for Different Turbines 34 5. 6 Pelton Wheel Pelton wheel is well suited for operate under high heads. A pelton turbine has one or more n ozzles discharging jets of water which strike a series of buckets mounted on the periphery of a circular disc. The runner consists of a circular disc with a number of buckets every bit spaced round its periphery. The buckets have a shape of a double semi-ellipsoidal cups. The pelton bucket is designed to deflect the jet back through 165 which is the maximum burthen possible without the return jet impede with the next bucket.Fig. 5. 4 Pelton bucket General understanding of a pelton wheel is shown in the Fig. 5. 5. For SHP schemes, Pelton wheels are easier to make up and are relatively cheaper. The turbines are in general, not subjected to the cavitation effect. The turbines have access to working parts so that the maintenance or repairs can be effected in a shorter time. Fig. 5. 5 General system of rules of a Pelton Wheel 35 Traditionally, micro hydro pelton wheels were always single jet because of the complexity and the cost of flow control governing of more than one jet.Advant ages of multi-jet -Higher rotational velocity -Smaller runner -Less chance of blockage Disadvantages of multi-jet -Possibility of jet interference on incorrectly designed systems -Complexity of manifolds 5. 7 Francis Turbine Francis turbine is a mixed flow type, in which water enters the runner radially at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its center. Fig. 5. 6 illustrates the Francis turbine. The runner blades are profiled in a complex manner and the casing is scrolled to distribute water around the entire gross profit margin of the runner.The water from the penstock enters a scroll case which completely surrounds the runner. The purpose of the scroll case is to provide an even distribution of water around the circumference of the turbine runner, maintaining an approximately constant upper for the water so distributed. The function of guide vane is to regulate the quantity of water supplied to the runner and to direct water on to the runner at an angle appropriate design. A draft tube is a pipe or passage of gradually increasing cross sectional area which connects the runner exit to the tail race. Fig. 5. 6 Francis Turbine 36 . 8 Kaplan Turbine It is an axial flow turbine which is suitable for relatively low heads. From Fig. 5. 7, it will be seen that the main components of Kaplan turbine such as scroll casing, guide vanes, and the draft tube are similar to those of a Francis turbine. Fig. 5. 7 5. 9 Kaplan Turbine Specific Speed The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in r. p. m of a turbine nonrepresentationalally similar to the unfeigned turbine but of such a size that under alike(p) conditions it will develop 1 metric horsepower when working under unit head. Ns = NP H5/ 4 (5. 1) where Ns = specific speedP = power in HP 5. 10 Characteristic Curves The turbines are generally designed to work at particular values of H,Q,P,N and ? o which are know as the designed conditions. It is essential to determine lease behaviour of the turbines unde r the varying conditions by carrying out tests either on the actual turbines or on their small shell theoretical accounts. The results of these tests are usually graphically represented and the resulting curves are known as characteristic curves. 37 -constant head characteristic curves -constant speed characteristic curves -constant efficiency characteristic curvesIn order to obtain constant head characteristics curves the tests are performed on the turbine by maintaining a constant head and a constant gate opening and the speed is varied by changing the load on the turbine. A series of values of N are thus obtained and alike to each value of N, discharge Q and the output power P are measured. A series of such tests are performed by varying the gate opening, the head being maintained constant at the previous value. From the data of the tests the values of Qu, Pu, nu and ? o are computed for each gate opening. Then with Nu as abscissa the values ofQu, Pu and ? o for each gate open ing are plotted. The curves thus obtained for pelton wheel and the reaction turbines for four different gate openings are shown in Fig. 5. 8. Fig. 5. 8 Constant head characteristics for Pelton wheel and reaction turbines 38 5. 11 Cavitation in turbines When the pressure in any part of the turbine reaches the vaporisation pressure of the flowing water, it boils and small bubbles of vapour form in large numbers. These bubbles are carried along by the flow, and on reaching the high pressure zones these bubbles suddenly collapse as the vapour condenses to suaveity again.The flick formation and collapse of vapour bubbles may cause severe damage to the surface which ultimately fails to drop and the surface becomes badly scored and pitted. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. In order to determine whether cavitation will occur in any portion of the turbine, D. Thomas has developed a dimensionless parameter called Thomascavitation factor ? which is expressed as ?= Ha ? Hv ? Hs H (5. 2) where Ha = atmospheric pressure head Hv = vapour pressure head Hs = sucking pressure head For Francis turbines Critical cavitation factor ? c = 0. 625 (Ns/444)2 .. (5. 3) For Propeller turbines ? c = 0. 28 + Example 5. 1 1 Ns 3 ( ) 7. 5 444 .. (5. 4) Estimate the maximum height of straight conical draft tube of a 18000 h. p. Francis turbine running at 150 r. p. m under a net head of 27 m. The turbine is installed at a station where the effective atmospheric pressure is 10. 6 m of water. The draft tube must sink at least 0. 77 m below the tail race. Ns = NP H5/ 4 = 327 39 ?c = 0. 625 (Ns/444)2 = 0. 339 Cavitation factor ? = Ha -Hv -Hs H Ha -Hv = 10. 6 m, H =27 m 0. 339 = 10. 6 -Hs 27 Hs = 1. 45 m Max length of the draft tube = 1. 45 + 0. 7 = 2. 22 m 5. 12 Governing of Turbines every the modern turbines are directly coupled to the electric generators. The generators are always needful to run at constant speed irrespective of the variations in the load. This constant speed N of the generator is given by the expression N= 60 f p .. (5. 5) where f = frequency (usually 50) p = numbers of pairs of poles 5. 13 Water Hammer A gate or valve at the end of the penstock pipe controls the discharge to the turbine. As soon as this governor regulated gate opening is altered, the pipe flow has to be adjusted to the new magnitude of flow.In doing so, there are closely pressure oscillations in the pipe, often accompanied by a hammering like sound. Hence this phenomenon is called as water hammer. 5. 14 park Speed The hurrying of flow of the jet depends upon the impart net head H at the base of the nozzle and is given by the nozzle equation v = C v ? 2gH where the discharge coefficient focal ratio of the nozzle is taken as 0. 95. (5. 6) 40 5. 15 Bucket speed V= ? DN 60 (5. 7) The bucket speed should be half of the jet speed. In practice, deprivationes in the turbine cause the maximum efficiency to occur at slightly less than a half, typically 0. 46. V =0. 6 v 5. 16 Design of Pelton Wheel Runner diam Runner diameter can be found out from the rev equation. D= 38 ? H N . (5. 8) where N = runner speed(rpm) H = net head Nozzle diameter The nozzle diameter is given by the nozzle equation d = 0. 54 ? Q 0. 5 1 ? 0. 25 H n jet . (5. 9) Jet ratio Jet ratio D/d is a size parameter for the turbine. It has a value in a range of 10 to 24. For the high efficiency Pelton wheel design, the ratio of the runner diameter to the nozzle should be more than 9. Number of buckets The number of buckets compulsory for the efficient operation of the Pelton turbine is computed asN buc = 0. 5 ? D + 15 d .. (5. 10) In practice, the selection and the detail design of the turbine units are carried out by the manufactures based on the pretence carrying outs. 41 Example 5. 2 Powerhouse is provide with a unsloped shaft pelton turbine. The generator is provided with 6 pairs of poles. Design discharge is 1. 4 m3/s and net head is 425 m. The turbine will provide 6 viosterol hp. Take coefficient of nozzle as 0. 95. Determine (a) the specific speed (b) focal ratio of jet (c) jet diameter (d) pitch circle diameter of the wheel (e) number of buckets (a) N= 60 f p = 60 x 50/6 = 500 rpmNs = = NP H5/ 4 500 6500 4255 / 4 = 20. 9 Use single jet pelton turbine (b) hurrying of jet v = C v ? 2gH = 0. 95 ? 29. 81425 = 86. 75 m/s (c) jet diameter d = 0. 54 ? = 0. 54 ? Q 0. 5 1 ? 0. 25 H n jet 1. 4 0. 5 425 0. 25 ? = 0. 14 m =14 cm 1 1 42 (d) pitch circle diameter D= 38 ? H N = 1. 57 m (e) Number of buckets N buc = 0. 5 ? N buc = 0. 5 ? D + 15 d 1. 57 + 15 0. 14 = 20. 6 = 21 5. 17 Work done of Pelton Wheel In turbines, the water flows on to the runner, which itself is rotating with a certain speed. The water flows over the runner and leaves the runner at its outlet point.We can speak of sacrosanct velocity of water before it flows in the runner, the relative velocity of water w. r. t the runner and again the inviolate velocity of water after it has left the runn er. In order to ascertain the consanguinity between these velocities, the velocity vector plot prove to be very useful. Fig. 5. 9 shows the velocity triangles at the tips of the bucket of a pelton wheel. At the outlet tip velocity triangles are different depending upon the magnitude of u like to which it is slow, medium or fast runner. Inlet velocity diagram VVri Vai =Vwi 43 Outlet velocity diagram V Vwo ? ? Vfo Vro Vao Fig. 5. 9 focal ratio triangles V = bucket velocity Vai = absolute velocity of jet at inlet tip Vai = Cv 2 gH1 Vao = absolute velocity of jet at outlet tip Vri = relative velocity of jet at inlet = Vai-V Vro = relative velocity of jet at outlet = k. Vri Vwi = velocity of whirl at inlet =Vai Vwo = velocity of whirl at outlet = V-VroCos ? Vfo = velocity of flow at outlet circle/sec m =? Q =? a Vai=? ?/4 d2 Vai (5. 11) Workdone on the bucket/sec (power developed by turbine) P = m (Vwi -Vwo) V (5. 12)Maximum hydraulic efficiency ? h max = 1 (1 + kCos? ) 2 (5. 13) Th e hydraulic efficiency is maximum when the bucket speed is competent to half of the velocity of jet. 44 Example 5. 3 The head available at entrance to the nozzle supplying a pelton wheel is 300 m and the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is 0. 98. The wheel diameter is 1. 8 m and the nozzle diameter is 125 mm. The buckets deflect the jet through 165. Assuming the relative velocity of the jet is reduced by 16%, calculate the theoretical speed in rev per min for the maximum hydraulic efficiency.What is the hydraulic efficiency when running at this speed, and what is the power developed? Deflection angle =165 = (180- ? ) ? = 15 k = 0. 84 hf hn H=Vai2/2g H For max hydraulic efficiency V/Vai =0. 5 Vai = Cvv2gH1 = 75 m/s V =Vai/2 = 37. 5 m/s V =? DN/60 N =60V/? D = 398 rpm ?hmax = 1/2 (1+ k Cos ? ) = 90. 55 % mass/sec = m = ? Q = ? ?/4 d2 Vai = 920 kg/sec H1 45 Inlet diagram V Vri From velocity diagram Vwi = Vai =75 m/s Vri = Vai- V =37. 5 m/s Vwi = Vai Outlet diagram Vwo = V -Vro C os ? V = V k Vri Cos ? Vwo Vro Power = m V ( Vwi -Vwo) = 234600 Watts Vao =7 m/s 46 CHAPTER 6CENTRIFUGAL handle 6. 1 Introduction motor(a) meats are classified as rotodynamic type of hearts in which dynamic pressure is developed which enables the short-changeing of liquids from a lower to a higher level. The basic principle on which a outward-developing works is that when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a motor(a) head is impressed which enable it to go to a higher level. Now, if more liquid is constantly made available at the centre of rotation, a continuous supply of liquid at a higher level may be ensured.Since in these pumps the lifting of the liquid is due to outward-moving action, these pumps are called centrifugal pumps. 6. 2 Advantages of centrifugal pumps over reciprocating pumps The main advantage of a centrifugal pump is that its discharging capacity is very much greater tha n a reciprocating pump which can handle relatively small quantity of liquid only. A centrifugal pump can be operated at very high speeds without any danger of separation and cavitation . The maintenance cost of a centrifugal pump is low and only periodical check up is sufficient .But for a reciprocating pump the maintenance cost is high because the parts such as valves etc. , may need frequent replacement. 6. 3 Component Parts of a Centrifugal sum The main component parts of a centrifugal pump are -impeller -casing -suction pipe - beary pipe 47 Fig. 6. 1 Component part of a centrifugal pump 6. 4 Workdone by the Impeller The expression of the workdone by the impeller of a centrifugal pump on the liquid flowing through it may be derived in the like way as for a turbine. The liquid enters the impeller at its centre and leaves at its periphery. Fig. 6. shows a portion of the impeller of a centrifugal pump with one vane and the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tips of the van e. V is absolute velocity of liquid, u is tangential velocity of the impeller, Vr is relative velocity of liquid, Vf is velocity of flow of liquid, and Vw is velocity of whirl of the liquid at the entrance to the impeller. likewise V1,u1,Vr1,Vf1 and Vw1 represent their counterparts at the exit point of the impeller. 48 Fig. 6. 2 Velocity triangles for an impeller vane ? = the impeller vane angle at the entrance ? = the impeller vane angle at the outlet = the angle between the directions of the absolute velocity of entering liquid and the peripheral velocity of the impeller at the entrance ? = the angle between the absolute velocity of leaving liquid and the peripheral velocity of the impeller at the exit point Work done per indorse by the impeller on the liquid may be written as Work done = W ( Vw1 u1 Vw u) -(6. 1) g where W kg of liquid per second passes through the impeller. Since the liquid enters the impeller radially ? = 90 and hence Vw = 0. Thus equation (6. 1) becomes Work done = W (Vw1u1) -(6. ) g 6. 5 Head of a Pump The head of a centrifugal pump may be expressed in the quest two ways (a) Static head (b) Manometric head (or total head or gross head) 49 Fig. 6. 3 Head on a centrifugal pump (a) Static Head Static head is the vertical distance between the liquid surfaces in the pump and the tank to which the liquid is delivered by the pump. Static head (or lift) Hs = hs + hd where hs = static suction lift hd = static delivery lift .. (6. 3) 50 (b) Manometric Head Manometric head is the total head that must be produced by the pump to satisfy external requirements.If there are no energy losses in the impeller and the casing of the pump, then the manometric head Hm will be equal to the energy given to the liquid by the V ? 1u1 g impeller, i. e Hm = . But if losses occur in the pump then V ? 1u1 ? losses of head in the pump g .. (6. 4) Applying Bernoullis equation between the points, O at the liquid surface in the pump and 1 in the suction pipe just at t he inlet to the pump (i. e. , at the centre phone line of the pump), the following expression is obtained if the liquid surface in the sump is taken as datum. 0= p s Vs2 + + hs + h f s ? 2g ps Vs2 ? + hs + h fs 2g ? . (6. 5) where ps is the pressure at point l Vs is the velocity of flow in the suction pipe hs is the suction lift and hfs is the head loss in the suction pipe which includes the head loss due to friction and the other minor losses. It may however be pointed out that if the pump is situated below the level of the liquid surface in the sump, hs will be negative. Equation (6. 5) indicates that at the inlet to the pump there is always a suction or vacuum pressure developed which will be recorded by the vacuum grass provided at this point as shown in Fig. . 3. The head expressed by equation (6. 5) is called the suction head of the pump. Also, applying Bernoullis equation between points 1 and 2, which is just at the outlet of the impeller and is assumed to be at the id entical level as point 1, then since the impeller imparts a head equal to (Vw1u1/g) to the liquid the following expression is obtained p s V s2 V? 1u1 p 2 V12 + + = + + hLi ? 2g g ? 2g .. (6. 6) where p2 is the pressure and V1 is the absolute velocity of the liquid leaving the impeller and hLi is the loss of head in the impeller. 51 6. Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pumps In order to compare the performance of different pumps, it is necessary to have some term which will be common to all centrifugal pumps. The term used for this purpose is the specific speed. The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is the speed at which the specific pump must run to deliver unit quantity against unit head, the efficiency being the same as the actual pump. Ns = NQ H 3/ 4 (6. 7) where Ns= specific speed N = rotational speed(rpm) H = total head 6. 7 exploit of Pumps- Characteristic CurvesA pump is usually designed for one speed, flow rate and head in actual practice, the operation may be at some other condition of head on flow rate, and for the changed conditions, the behaviour of the pump may be quite different. Therefore, in order to predict the behaviour and performance of a pump under varying conditions, tests are performed and the results of the tests are plotted. The curves thus obtained are known as the characteristic curves of the pump. The following three types of characteristic curves are usually prepared for the centrifugal pumps a) Main and operating characteristics. (b) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves . (c) Constant head and constant discharge curves. Main and Operating Characteristics In order to obtain the main characteristic curves of a pump it is operated at different speeds. For each speed the rate of flow Q is varied by means of a delivery valve and for the different values of Q the corresponding values of manometric head Hm, shaft H. P. , P , and overall efficiency ? are measured or calculated. The same operation is repeated for different speeds of the pump. Then Q v/s Hm Q v/s P and Q v/s ? urves for different speeds are plotted, so that three sets of curves, as shown in Fig. 6. 4 are obtained, which represent the 52 main characteristics of a pump. The main characteristics are useful in indicating the performance of a pump at different speeds. During operation a pump is normally required to run at a constant speed, which is its designed speed, (same as the speed of the driving motor). As such that particular set of main characteristics which corresponds to the designed speed is mostly used in the operations of a pump and is, therefore, known as the operating characteristics.A typical set of such characteristics of a pump is shown in Fig. 6. 5 Fig. 6. 4 Main characteristics of a centrifugal pump Fig. 6. 5 Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump 53 6. 8 parallel or Series Operation of Pumps Pumps in series Centrifugal pumps take a relatively low head delivering a fairly high rate of discharge. Normally a pump with a single impeller can be used to deliver the required discharge against a maximum head of about 100 m. But if the liquid is required to be delivered against a pipe down larger head then it can be done by using two or more pumps in series. Fig. 6. 6 Three stage centrifugal pumpIf the required head is more than that can be provided by one pump, the pumps are connected in series. The same discharge passes through both pumps but the head developed by one pump add the other. The total head developed is obtained by adding together the value of the head of each pump corresponding to the relevant discharge. Pumps in Parallel The multi-stage pumps or the pumps in series as described earlier are employed for delivering a relatively small quantity of liquid against very high heads. However, when a large quantity of liquid is required to be pumped against a relatively small head, then it may 4 not be possible for a single pump to deliver the required discharge. In such cases two or more pumps are used which are so arranged that each of these pumps working fractionly lift the liquid from a common sump and deliver it to a common collecting pipe through which it is carried to the required height Fig. 6. 7. Since in this case each of the pumps deliver the liquid against the same head, the arrangement is known as pumps in parallel. If Q1, Q2, Q3.. , Qn are the discharging capacities of n pumps arranged in parallel then the total discharge delivered by these pumps will beQt = (Q1+Q2+Q3++Qn) . (6. 8) If the discharging capacity of all the n pumps is same, equal to Q , then the total discharge delivered by these pumps will be Qt = nQ Fig. 6. 7 Two centrifugal pumps arranged in parallel 55 A centrifugal pump, having four stages in parallel, delivers 11m3/min of Example 6. 1 liquid against a head of 24. 7m, the diameter of the impeller being 225mm and the speed 1700 rpm. A pump is to be made up with a number of monovular stages in series, of similar constriction to those in the rootage pump, to run at 1250 rpm, and to deliver 14. 5 m3/min, against a head of 248m.Find the number of stages required for the second pump. 1st Pump 2nd Pump Q = 11m3/min Q = 14. 5m3/min H = 24. 7 m H = 248 m N = 1700 rpm N =1250 rpm D = 225 mm Specific speed N s = NQ H 3/ 4 Q for one pump = 11/4 = 2. 75 m3/min Ns = 1700 2. 75 24. 7 3 / 4 = 254 For 2nd pump, with similar stages in series i. e multi-stage pump, if each stage is similar to those of each stage is similar to those of the first pump. The specific speed of each stage Ns = 254 Ns = 254 = NQ H 3/ 4 1250 14. 5 H 3/ 4 H = 49. 64 m Total head required = 248 m No of stages required = 248/49. 64 = 5 stages 56 CHAPTER 7DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, HYDRAULIC SIMILITUDE AND MODEL INVESTIGATION 7. 1 Dimensional outline Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method of obtaining the equations, changing units, determining a convenient arrangement of variable of a physical relation back. In an equation expressing a physical relationship between quantities, absolute numerical and dimensional equality must exit. In general, all such physical relationships can be reduced to the fundamental quantities of mass M, length L and time T. It is a based on the effrontery that the phenomenon can be expressed by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, with certain variable.The dimensional analysis is wide used in research work for developing design criteria and also for conducting archetype tests. 7. 2 Dimensions and Units All physical quantities are measured by comparison. This comparison is always made with respect to some randomly fixed value for each individual quantity, called dimension(e. g. , length, mass, time, etc. ). Since there is no direct relationship between these dimensions, they are called fundamental dimensions. Some other quantities such as area, volume, velocity, force etc. can not be expressed in terms of fundamental dimensions and thus may be alled derived dimensions. There are two systems for fundamenta l dimensions namely FLT (i. e force, length, time) and MLT (i. e. , mass, length, time). One common system employed in dimensional analysis is the M,L,T system. Table is a listing of some of the quantities used in fluid flow, together with their symbols and dimensions. 57 Quantity Symbol Dimensional Form Length l L Time t T Mass m M Velocity v L T-1 Acceleration a L T-2 guide F M L T-2 Pressure P M L-1 T-2 Discharge Q L3 T-1 Power P M L2 T-3 W,E M L2 T-2 Density ? M L-3 Dynamic viscosity M L-1 T-1 Kinematic viscosity ? L2 T-1 Surface tension M T-2 Work,energy 7. 3 Methods of Dimensional Analysis The methods of dimensional analysis are -Buckinghams ? theorem -Ralyeighs method Buckinghams ? Theorem If there are n variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation, and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions such as (M,L,T) , they may be grouped into (nm) non-dimensional independent ? terms. Mathematically, if a variable x1 depends upon independent variables x2, x3,x4, . , xn, the functional equation may be written as x1 = f (x2, x3, x4, . , xn) The equation may be written in its general form as 58 f1 ( x1, x2, x3,. xn) = C In this equation there are n variables. If there are m fundimental dimensions, the according to ? theorem f2 ( ? 1,? 2,? 3,.. , ? n-m ) = C1 e. g Q = f (d,H,,? ,g) f1 (Q, d, H, , ? , g) = C n = 6 m = 3 (n-m) = 3 f2 ( ? 1, ? 2, ? 3) = C1 Procedure 1. First of all, write the functional relationship with the given data. 2. Then write the equation in its general form. 3. Choose m repeating variables and write separate expressions for each term. Every ? term will contain the repeating variables and one of the remaining variables. The repeating variables are written in exponential form. 4.With the help of the principle of dimensional homogeneity, find out the values of the exponents by obtaining simultaneous equations. 5. Substitute the value of these exponents in the ? term. 6. After the ? terms are obtained, write the functional relati on in the required form. e. g Q = f ( d, H, , ? , g) f1 (Q, d, H, , ? , g) =C n = 6 , m = 3 , (n-m) = 3 f2 (? 1,? 2,? 3)=C1 Choose ? , g, d as repeating variable, ?1 = ? a1 gb1 dc1 Q ? 2 = ? a2 gb2 d c2 H ? 3 = ? a3 gb3 dc3 59 Selection of Repeating Variable 1. The variables should be such that none of them is dimensionless. 2. No two variables should have the same dimensions. . Independent variables should be as far as possible, be selected as repeating variable. ? fluid post ? flow characteristics l geometric characteristics Example 7. 1 A V-notch weir is a vertical plate with a notch angle ? cut into the top of it and placed across an open comport. The liquid in the channel is backed up and forced to flow through the notch. The discharge Q is some function of the elevation H of upstream liquid surface above the bottom of the notch. In addition it depends upon gravity and upon the velocity of approach Vo to the weir. Determine the form of discharge equation ?V ? Q = gH 5/2 f ? ,? ? ? gH ? ? ? Q = f (H, g , Vo , ? ) f1 ( Q, H ,g ,Vo, ? ) = C Choose g and H as repeating variables n = 5 n-m =3 m=2 ?1 = Ha1 gb1 Q = (L)a1 (LT-2)b1 L3 T-1 ?2 =Ha2 gb2 Vo = (L)a2 (LT-2)b2 LT-1 ?3 = ? (M)o (L)o (T)o = (L)a1 (LT-2)b1 L3 T-1 a1+b1+3 =0 ? a1 = -5/2 -2b1-1 =0 ? b1 = -1/2 ?1 = H-5/2 g-1/2 Q = Q vg H 5/2 (M)o (L)o (T)o = (L)a2 (LT-2)b2 L T-1 a2 = -1/2 60 b2 = -1/2 ?2 =H-1/2 g-1/2 Vo= Vo vgH Q f2 ( gH 5/ 2 Q gH 5/ 2 , Vo ,? gH ) = C1 Vo ,? gH ) Vo ,? gH ) =f( Q = gH 5/2 f ( Example 7. 2 Q = VD 2 f Prove that the discharge over a release is given by the relation gD H , V D where V= velocity of flowD = prudence of throat H = Head of water g = Acceleration due to gravity Q= f (V,D,H,G) f1 (Q,V,D,H,G) = C Choose V and D as repeating variables n = 5, m =2, n-m =3 ?1= Va1 Db1 Q = (LT-1)a1 (L)b1 (L3T-1) ?2 = Va2 Db2 H = (LT-1)a2 (L)b2 (L) ?3 = Va3 Db3 g = (LT-1)a3 (L)b3 (LT-2) M0L0T 0 = (LT-1)a1 (L)b1 (L3T-1) 0 = -a1-1 a1 = -1 0 = a1+b1+3 b1= -2 ?1 = V -1 D -2 Q 61 ?1 = Q VD2 M0L0T 0 =(LT-1)a2 (L)b2 (L) 0 = -a2 a2+b2+1 =0 b2 = -1 ?2 = V0 D-1 H = H/D M0L0T 0 = (LT-1)a3 (L)b3 (LT-2) 0 = -a3-2 a3 = -2 0 = a3+b3+1 b3 =1 ?3 = V-2 D g gD V = f2 ( gD H , )=0 VD 2 D V Q VD 2 Q , = f( gD H ,) V D Q = VD 2 f ( 7. 4 D H ,) V D HYDRAULIC MODELS Hydraulic pretenses, in general, may be either true models or malformed models. True models have all the significant characteristics of the sample reproduced to scale (geometrically similar) and satisfy design restrictions (kinematic and dynamic similitude). sit- type comparisons have clearly shown that the correspondence of behaviour is often well beyond expected limitations, as has been attested by the successful operation of many structures designed from model tests. 7. 5 Hydraulic Similitude To know the complete working and behaviour of the prototype, from its model, there hould be a complete similarity between the prototype and its scale model. This similarity is 62 known as hydraulic similitude. From the subject point of view, the following three types of hydraulic similitude are important. (1) Geometric similitude (2) Kinematic similitude (3) Dynamic similitude GEOMETRIC SIMILITUDE The model and the prototype are identical in shape, but differ only in size. (The ratios of all the corresponding linear dimensions are equal) . Let L = Length of the prototype B = Breadth of the prototype D = Depth of the prototype l,b,d = corresponding values of the model L Linear ratio Lr =Area ratio Ar = ( Volume ratio Vr = ( l = BD = bd L B D )2 = ( )2 = ( )2 l b d L B D ) 3 = ( ) 3 = ( )3 l b d KINEMATIC SIMILITUDE The model and the prototype have identical motions. ( The ratios of the velocities at corresponding points are equal) Let V1 = velocity of liquid in prototype at point 1 V 2 = velocity of liquid in prototype at point 2 v1,v2 = corresponding values of the model Velocity ratio Vr = V1 V2 = = .. v1 v 2 DYNAMIC SIMILITUDE The model and prototype have identical forces. (The ratios of the cor responding forces acting at corresponding points are equal). F Force ratio Fr = 1 = f1 F2 .. f2 63 7. 6 CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS (1) artless model (2) Distorted model Undistorted model A model which is geometrically similar to the prototype is known as undistorted model. Distorted model Model does not have complete geometric similarity with the prototype, is known as distorted model. 7. 7 Comparison of an Undistorted Model and the Prototype If the model is to be overall similar to the prototype, then all the three similarities (i. e, geometric, kinematic, dynamic ) should exist. But this is not possible in actual practice, as it is difficult to exist two types of similarities simultaneously.In general, and undistorted model of a prototype is made keeping in view the geometric similarity only and the remaining similarities are then compared for the scale ratio. 7. 8 Velocity of Water in Prototype for the Given Velocity of an Undistorted Model Consider an undistorted model geometrica lly similar to a proposed prototype like a weir, dam, spill etc. Let h = head of water over the model v = velocity of water at a point in the model H,V = corresponding values for the prototype 1/s = scale ratio of the model to the prototype Velocity of water in the model v = Cv v2ghVelocity of water on the corresponding point in the prototype V = Cv v2gH C v 2 gh v = = V C v 2 gH h 1 = H s V = v vs Example 7. 3 The velocity at a point on a spillway model of a dam is 1. 3m/sec for a prototype of model ratio 110. What is the velocity at the corresponding point in the prototype? 64 Velocity in the model v = 1. 3 m/s Model ratio, 1/s = 1/10 s = 10 Velocity in the prototype V = v vs V =1. 3 x v10 = 4. 11 m/sec 65 References 1. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth 2. Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines R. S. Khurmi 3. Fluid Mechanics Victor L. Streeter